DEAR的比较级怎么写论文步骤 第1篇
正斜体
例85 关于正体和斜体:正文里面数学符号、物理量符号等(如x, y, z, A, B, C这些数学符号都是能
够取值的) 应该是斜体,单位是正体而不是斜体(如kg, km, eV),函数如sin, cos, log 等应该是正
体;公式里面的文字说明(因为不能取值) 必须是正体(latex 中“\rm ”命令的功能就是把后面的内
188 中国科学院上海天文台年刊 2010 年
容变成正体)。下标里面也是一样的规则。比如“黑洞质量”MBH 是正确的,但是MBH、MBH、MBH
都是错误的。
需空格和不需空格的地方
例86 单位和前面的数字之间必须有空格,如10 eV, 20 kg, 40 km;在公式里面加空格$m=10\ {\rm
kg}$,或者$m={\rm10\ kg}$,或者$m=10\mbox{ } {\rm kg}$(注意“\ ”和“\mbox{ }”的效果是一
样的)。但是如果写成$m=10{\rm kg}$,或者$m={\rm 10 kg}$,则单位和前面的数字之间就没有
空格了。
例87 左括号“(”和前面的字母之间必须有空格,和后面的字母之间没有空格,右括号“)”和前面
的字母之间没有空格,和后面的字母之间有空格(除非右括号“)”的后面是标点符号)。例如:This
problem has been solved (Einstein 1915) and consequently applied to many
astrophysical settings (Freedman 1932; Lieu 1945). 逗号 “,” 和点号“.”和前面的字母之间没有空
格,和后面的字母之间有空格。
例88 用上标表示的单位出现小数点的情况:角秒(0_.1),角分(0′.1),度(0°.1),角
秒(1_.1),角分(1′.1),度(1°.1),这里单位和数字之间没有空格。
参考文献的引用方法
例89 天文类英文期刊参考文献的常用引用方法:
[1] Zhang et al. (1999) have shown that black holes can eat matter...
[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. (1999) that black holes eat matter.
[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. 1999).
常见的错误例句是:
[1] Zhang et al. 1999 have shown...
[2] It has been shown by Zhang et al. 1999 that black holes eat matter.
[3] It has been known that black holes can eat matter (Zhang et al. (1999)). 请注意括号的位置。
制图
例90 关于画图:坐标轴需要名称和单位,几乎所有绘图程序缺省设置的图上的字母和数字字体
都太小,基本原则是按照杂志要求的尺寸印出来后图上的字母和数字和正文的字体相当或者略
大,但是应该比“figure caption”的字体大一些。
4 语法分析
语态
例91 尽量不要使用主动式,特别是“People have done... ”,应该写“It has been calculated... by
xxx”(如果你不想强调到底是谁做的,而仅仅想列出是谁做的,就不要写“by xxx”,而只要列出
参考文献就可以了)。
189 中国科学院上海天文台年刊 2010 年
例92 “Several issues about black hole growth have clarified.”应该修改为“Several issues about black
hole growth have been clarified.”
例93 “The configuration is consists of three parts.”是错误的。有两个正确的写法:
[1] The configuration is consisted of three parts.
[2] The configuration consists of three parts.
例94 “模型分为三类”经常被写成“Models divide into three classes”,正确的写法是“Models are
divided into three classes”。
例95 黑洞位于星系的中心:“Black hole locates in center of galaxy.”是错误的,应该改为“A black
hole is located in the center of a galaxy.”
每一个星系的中心都有一个黑洞:“A black hole is found in the center of every galaxy.”
或者“Every galaxy harbors a black hole at its center.”
所观测的5 个星系中心都有一个黑洞:“Each of the five galaxies observed harbors a black hole at
its center.”或者“A black hole is found (located) in the center of each of the five galaxies observed.”
时态
例96 关于时态的正确使用:
(1) 叙述你本论文的工作使用一般现在时;
(2) 描述你以前的相关工作使用一般过去时;
(3) 描述别人以前的工作使用一般过去时;
(4) 但是当你现在的工作是以前你的或者别人的某个工作的延续时,对那个工作的描述需要使
用一般完成时;
(5) 在文章的summary 部分描述本文章的结果时可以使用一般现在时、过去时和一般完成时,
如“The black hole we studied in this work ... ”,“In this paper we have calculated... ”,“It has been
shown that ... ”,“We study this problem ... ”,“We analyze these data... ”,“We start from ... ”,“We
found that ... ”,“We conclude that”,“It is shown”,“In this paper we calculate ... ”;
(6) 在回复审稿人的信里面,谈到你这篇文章中你做了什么的时候用一般过去式,或者一般完
成时,如:
[1] Thanks for the referee's suggestion. Actually we calculated the mass accretion of three sources, but
neglected to include the result in the paper.
[2] We included Figure 2 and Table 3 in the revised manuscript.
[3] We thank the referee for these insightful comments and suggestions.
[4] We have improved the manuscript substantially.
[5] The manuscript has been improved significantly by including...
[6] 如果是回复审稿人的第二封信,开头可写为:We have further improved the manuscript
190 中国科学院上海天文台年刊 2010 年
following the suggestions in the second referee report...
(7) 描述发生在过去的一件事用过去时,描述虽然过去发生的、但是已经被认定为“普遍事实
(general truth)”的使用一般现在时,如:
[1] Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggested that XTE J1701-462 was a Z source, because it
exhibited typical CDs of Z sources and its timing properties were also consistent with those of Z
sources.
例句[1] 并没有错误,但是如果写成:Homan et al. (2006a, 2006b, 2007a) suggested (发生在过去)
that XTE J1701-462 is (普遍事实) a Z source, because it exhibited (发生在过去) typical CDs of Z
sources and its timing properties are (普遍事实) also consistent with those of Z sources. 则意义有所
不同,更加强调“XTE J1701-462 is a Z source”和“its timing properties are also consistent with those
of Z sources”是被认定的“普遍事实”。
再举两个例句:
[2] In yesterday's battle, three soldiers were killed and one was injured.
[3] Now a total of 15 soldiers are dead and nine soldiers are injured.
5 句法分析
句子成分的缺少或多余
例97 宾语里面不要出现不特指的人,很多文章出现“This has enabled people (people 应删除) to
do”。
例98 “get”(包括“got”) 使用的太多,可以适当使用“obtain”, “derive”, “deduce”, “acquire”等(“This
result is got.”不要使用)。
例99 “Very importantly, SNe eject a lot of matter... ”是正确的。“Very importantly, SNe are powerful
fountains of high energy particles... ”是错误的,importantly 应该修改为important。
例100 “As one of our valued authors I believe you may interested to hear about
IOP Asia-Pacific, a new website from IOP Publishing dedicated to showcasing research from the
Asia-Pacific region.”这句话有两个错误,一个是主语不清楚,一个是被动用错了。需要修改为“As
one of our valued authors, I believe, you may be interested to ... ”。
句子开头
DEAR的比较级怎么写论文步骤 第2篇
近义词的用法区别
例1 “方程”的英文是“equation”,不是“formula”,“formula”的意思是“公式”。
例2 “question”和“problem”翻译成中文都是“问题”,但是英文的意思完全不同,
如“ask a question”,“answer a question”,“formulate a problem”,“solve a problem”等;
[1] I have a question about the last page of your presentation.
[2] I have a problem about the last page of your presentation.
前者的意思是你有不清楚或者不明白的东西要问,后者是指你认为“the last page of your
presentation”有错误。
例3 “too”和“also”的用法区别:
[1] I have done this quickly too.
[2] I have also done this quickly.
例4 “few”和“several”用法区分。“several”的意思是“几个”,“few”的意思是“几乎没有”或者“少”,
但是“a few”的意思是“几个”。如:
[1] (a) I bought several books today. [1] (b) I bought a few books today.
这两句话的意思略微不同:前者情况是指买的比较多,而后者指的是买的比较少。
[2] There is very few water left in the bottle. (那个瓶子里面几乎没有水了。)
[3] Very few students came to today's seminar. (今天参加讲座的学生很少。)
[4] Few students came last night. (昨晚只来了几个学生。)
178 中国科学院上海天文台年刊 2010 年
[5] A few students came last night. (昨晚来了几个学生。)
例5 很多学生都不能区分科技英语中的property, character 和characteristic。翻译成中文都是“特
征”、“特性”和“性质”,但是在英文中意思不同。
[1] quality 最普通用词,既可指有形或无形的特性,又可指个性或共性的特征。
[2] character多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
[3] characteristic 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
例6 Obscure (动词和形容词) 的主要意思是“遮挡”。很多同学以为“obscure”的意思就是“模糊”,
应该用fuzzy, blur, dark, faint 等的时候误用obscure。
[1] The black hole is obscured by the dust along the line of sight.
[2] The image of the star is fuzzy, because the telescope is out of focus.
[3] The image of the star is blurred, because the telescope ...
[4] The source appears to be dark (或者faint), because of the obscuration by the gas in front of it.
例7 “At last”和“Finally”不完全一样。如“Finally, we reconstruct the expansion history of the
Universe up to with the distance moduli of SNe Ia and GRBs.”Finally 换成 At last,意思是不同的:
前者的意思是,“最后,我们重建(了) ......”,后者的意思是“我们终于重建(了) ......”。
例8 “suspect or suspicious”(正面) 和“doubt or doubtful”(负面)。例子:
[1] We suspect that the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the
over-simplification of the model. (我们怀疑观测数据和模型的偏离是由于模型过分简化造成的。)
[2] We doubt that the observed deviation of data from the model prediction is caused by the over-simplification of the model. (我们怀疑观测数据和模型的偏离不是由于模型过分简化造成的。)
例9 distinction (定性的区别) 和difference (定量的不同):
[1] A distinction should be made between a star and a planet.
[2] The difference between the two measurements is only 10%.
例10 “due to”, “because of”, “since”, “because”和“as”都有“因为”和“由于”的意思,但是使用起来
很不一样。
[1] However, due to the fact that (注意此处需要the fact that) the inner disk temperature or BB
temperature is lower than several keV, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a considerable
portion in the whole energy band.
或者可以改为:
[2] However, because of the fact that the inner disk ...
[3] However, since the inner disk ...
179 中国科学院上海天文台年刊 2010 年
[4] However, the disk or NS flux below 2 keV contributes a considerable portion in the whole energy
band, because the inner disk or BB temperature is lower than several keV.
推荐表达[4],因为主次关系明确,而且“because”的主要意思就是“因为”,而“since”的主要意思
是“自从”(描述时间)。不建议使用“as”,因为“as”的主要意思是“作为”。以下是使用“due to”和
“because of”的例子:
[5] Due to the expansion of the universe, the distances between galaxies become farther and farther.
[6] Because of your work, this problem has been solved completely.
在大多数情况下,“due to”和“because of”可以通用,但是意思略微有所不同。“due to”指自然发
展、顺理成章的理由,“because of”指主动介入导致结果的理由。
例11 revise、correct、modify 的区别:
“revise or revision or revised”意为“修改或者更新,没有错误,但是不够完善”;
“correct or correction or corrected”意为“修正或者改正,有错误,需要改过来”;
“modify”的意思介于两者之间。
大小写
例12 能量的单位:eV (不是ev),keV (不是KeV), MeV (不是meV),GeV,TeV。
例13 方程后面如果不是句号,后面的紧接的句子不能另起一段,而且第一个字母必须是小写;
方程后面如果是句号,后面紧接的句子可以另起一段,也可以不另起一段,但是第一个字母必
须是大写。
例14 冒号后面如果接的是句子,则第一个字母是大写;如果是单词或词组,则第一个字母是小写。
[1] It requires that a clock still show proper time after being read: The quantum uncertainty in its
position must not introduce significant inaccuracies in its measurement of time over the total running
time. (请注意这里的“show”用动词原形,因为“require”是命令语气。)
[2] I classify black holes into three categories: mathematical black holes, physical black holes or
astrophysical black holes. (请注意这里的“or”经常被误写为“and”。)
单复数
例15 “data”是复数(单数是“datum”);spectrum, nova, formula, nuclear, index, locus, torus, modulus,
radius, focus 的复数分别是spectra, novae, formulae, nuclei, indices, loci, tori, moduli, radii, foci。
例16 “In Figure 7, I show the conversion efficiency of different kind (应改为kinds) of black hole
accretion systems.”
例17 指示代词的单复数this, that, these, those 的用法。错误的例子:
“This (or that) two pictures are taken ... ”应该改为“These (or those) two pictures are taken ... ”。
180 中国科学院上海天文台年刊 2010 年
数字的英文写法
例18 如果能够使用一个单词的数一般不用阿拉伯数字。比如“nine books”或者“twenty books”而
不是“9 books”或者“20 books”;但是后面接物理量单位时,9 kg 是正确的,nine kg 是错误的。
例19 日期的写法:the first of July, 2006;July first, 2006;the second of July, 2006;the third of July;
DEAR的比较级怎么写论文步骤 第3篇
形容词和副词有三个级别:原级、比较级和最高级,下面我们来看一下形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则以及在2020年黑龙江省哈尔滨市中考考试说明中需要双写变为比较级和最高级的形容词和副词汇总。
在学习规则之前,我们先来扫清学习障碍。
一个元音(音标)就叫一个音节,有一个音节的单词叫单音节词,有两个音节的单词叫双音节词,有三个或三个以上音节的词叫多音节词。
big音标为[big],只有一个元音[i],为单音节词;
pretty音标为['priti],有两个元音[i][i],为双音节词;
interesting音标为['intristiη],有三个元音[i][i][i],为多音节词。
闭音节:一个元音(a,e,i,o,u)+一个或几个辅音字母(-r 除外)
thin(元音后一个辅音字母), long(元音后两个辅音字母) 等。
明白了这两个概念之后下面我们来学习具体的变化规则。
1.单音节词和少数双音节词:
词尾加-er 变为比较级,加-est 变为最高级 : fast-faster-fastest, narrow-narrower-narrowest.
具体哪些双音节词符合这条规则没有具体的规律,只能是在平时多多进行积累。
2.以不发音的-e结尾:
直接加-r/-st: nice-nicer-nicest。
3.重读闭音且末尾只有一个辅音字母:
双写最后一个字母再加-er /-est: big-bigger-biggest, hot-hotter-hottest。
注意一定是以下三个条件同时满足:
1)重读:单音节词都是重读的,双音节词判断好要双写的那个音节一定是重读的(初中阶段双写的都是单音节词)。
2)只有一个元音字母,而不是字母组合:
cheap-cheaper-cheapest, -ea是字母组合,所以不双写。
3)元音后有且只有一个辅音字母: long-longer-longest, 元音后有两个辅音字母,所以不双写。
4.以-y 结尾:
1)辅音+y 结尾:-y 变为-i 加-er/-est, easy-easier-easiest。
2)元音+y 结尾: 直接加-er/-est。
5.多音节词和部分双音节词:
在前面加more/most: interesting-more interesting-most interesting,tired-more tired-most tired。
6.不规则变化:
的比较级和最高级有两种形式:clever-cleverer-cleverest, clever-more clever-most clever。
的比较级和最高级有两种形式:shy-shyer-shyest ,shy-shier-shiest。
:ow是字母组合,不双写。
: w不是辅音字母, 是半元音字母,不双写。
big, fat, glad,hot,mad, red,sad,thin, wet 共9个
#英语语法# #英语# #哈尔滨头条# #哈尔滨爆料# #哈尔滨#